[51] Not everyone involved wanted Baker present at the March; some thought her time overseas had made her a woman of France, one who was disconnected from the Civil Rights issues going on in America. They show that (Baker's mother) Carrie McDonald ... was admitted to the (exclusively white) Female Hospital on May 3, 1906, diagnosed as pregnant. Baker return to the USA on 1963 to attend the civil rights march. "[26], In Paris, she became an instant success for her erotic dancing, and for appearing practically nude onstage. [37], The following year, she appeared in a Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium, and then at the Monacan Red Cross Gala, celebrating her 50 years in French show business. Josephine Baker adopted 12 children from Finland, Japan, Korea, Columbia, France, Belgium, and Venezuela. Jean-Claude Baker was a French-American restaurateur. In later shows in Paris, she was often accompanied on stage by her pet cheetah "Chiquita," who was adorned with a diamond collar. [23], Baker sailed to Paris for a new venture, and opened in La Revue Nègre on 2 October 1925, aged 19, at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. Notes were written in invisible ink on Baker's sheet music. [56][57] Baker was also involved in sexual liaisons, if not relationships, with Ada "Bricktop" Smith, French novelist Colette, and possibly Frida Kahlo. [18], In Baker's teen years she struggled to have a healthy relationship with her mother, who did not want Josephine to become an entertainer, and scolded her for not tending to her second husband, Willie Baker, whom she married in 1921 at the age of 15. Paris, c. 1927 | MoMA", "Anastasia-Paris Hold the Key (to Your Heart) Original", "The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)", "Langston Hughes African American Film Festival 2009: Carmen and Geoffrey", "Legend Josephine Baker passes away and Vince Gill is born", "The Verdict: What Do Critics Think of Josephine? ", "African American Celebrity Josephine Baker, Dancer and Singer", "Josephine Baker Biography - life, name, school, mother, old, information, born, husband, house, time, year", "Josephine Baker: A Chanteuse and a Fighter", "Monaco Cimetière: des bornes interactives pour retrouver les tombes", "Hall of Famous Missourians, Missouri House of Representatives", "Junction of Channing Avenue (Josephine Baker Boulevard) with Lindell Boulevard and Olive Street", "Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques - 2342 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News", "What do twerking and the Charleston have in common? As her children got older, Baker sold Les Milandes because she ran out of money. [42][43], An incident at the Stork Club in October 1951 interrupted and overturned her plans. The cheetah frequently escaped into the orchestra pit, where it terrorized the musicians, adding another element of excitement to the show. She joined a black vaudeville troupe and moved to New York City, where she also divorced him. She charged admission for visitors to enter and partake in the activities, which included watching the children play. And they got to know Miss Baker as well. [39], Baker's last marriage, to French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon, ended around the time Baker opted to adopt her 11th child. Picasso drew paintings depicting her alluring beauty. Josephine stems from The Springhill Company’s overall deal with ABC Signature. After a family service at Saint-Charles Church in Monte Carlo,[70] Baker was interred at Monaco's Cimetière de Monaco.[66][71][72]. Her success coincided (1925) with the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs, which gave birth to the term "Art Deco", and also with a renewal of interest in non-Western forms of art, including African. The Many Faces of Josephine Baker: Dancer, Singer, Activist, Spy. Culture Josephine Baker: Erotic dancer, spy and civil rights activist . There is no other obvious … She housed people who were eager to help the Free French effort led by Charles de Gaulle and supplied them with visas. At the age of 15, she headed to New York City during the Harlem Renaissance, performing at the Plantation Club, Florence Mills' old stomping ground, and in the chorus lines of the groundbreaking and hugely successful Broadway revues Shuffle Along (1921)[21] with Adelaide Hall[22] and The Chocolate Dandies (1924). The stated reason was Baker's health (since she was recovering from another case of pneumonia) but the real reason was to continue helping the Resistance. The restaurant was once a house of ill repute located in the seedy Hell's Kitchen area of NY. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. It contains rarely seen archival footage, including some never before discovered, with music and narration. She also lived as a street child in the slums of St. Louis, sleeping in cardboard shelters, scavenging for food in garbage cans,[17] making a living with street-corner dancing. [24] This contributed to Baker's becoming a legal citizen of France and giving up her American citizenship.[6]. She starred in Fausse Alerte in 1940. She was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle. [3] (The club eventually met her demands). New York, United States.1951. She was the first Black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of the … She commented, "Nobody wants me, they've forgotten me;" but family members encouraged her to continue performing. Died: January 15, 2015, Parents: Josephine Baker 2. Born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri, Josephine later became a citizen of France in 1937. "[5], Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement. [11], Josephine's mother married Arthur Martin, "a kind but perpetually unemployed man", with whom she had a son and two more daughters. However, some of her shows were cancelled, due to opposition from the local clergy and morality police. History Josephine Baker’s Rainbow Tribe To prove that racial harmony was possible, the dancer adopted 12 children from around … The engagement was a rousing success and reestablished Baker as one of Paris' preeminent entertainers. Ernest Hemingway called her "the most sensational woman anyone ever saw. Waiting on the threshold of the pub in Manhattan, there is Josephine Baker well-known singer and dancer already established in Europe, but she is black.Detail that evidently counts in America. In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by Coretta Scott King, following Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. The ensuing publicity resulted in the termination of Baker's work visa, forcing her to cancel all her engagements and return to France. She also raised them as different religions to further her model for the world, taking two children from Algeria and raising one Muslim and the other Catholic. [64][68][69] The only American-born woman to receive full French military honors at her funeral, Baker's funeral was the occasion of a huge procession. [6] Josephine was poorly dressed and hungry as a child, and developed street smarts playing in the railroad yards of Union Station. She specialized in gatherings at embassies and ministries, charming people as she had always done, while gathering information. In Belgrade, she performed at Luxor Balkanska, the most luxurious venue in the city at the time. [76] The Piscine Joséphine Baker is a swimming pool along the banks of the Seine in Paris named after her. [31] Baker starred in three films which found success only in Europe: the silent film Siren of the Tropics (1927), Zouzou (1934) and Princesse Tam Tam (1935). When Baker was done performing, she settled down in a sixteenth-century chateau she named Les Milandes. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. Kraut, Anthea, "Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of Josephine Baker, This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 00:00. Another short-lived marriage followed to Willie Baker in 1921; she retained Baker's last name because her career began taking off during that time, and it was the name by which she became best known. "[27][28] The author spent hours talking with her in Paris bars. Me and her were the only two, and we had a marvellous time. "[82] Beyoncé performed Baker's banana dance at the Fashion Rocks concert at Radio City Music Hall in September 2006. [6] Though Baker traveled, she would return with gifts and money for her mother and younger half-sister, but the turmoil with her mother pushed her to make a trip to France.[20]. [6] Baker's estate identifies vaudeville drummer Eddie Carson as her natural father despite evidence to the contrary. Her costume, consisting of only a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties. [48] Despite her efforts, McGee was executed in 1951. Dudziak, Mary. [64] In 1968, Baker lost her castle owing to unpaid debts; afterwards Princess Grace offered her an apartment in Roquebrune, near Monaco. [66][67], She received a full Roman Catholic funeral that was held at L'Église de la Madeleine. In September 1939, when France declared war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland, Baker was recruited by the Deuxième Bureau, French military intelligence, as an "honorable correspondent". Grace Kelly, not yet an international star, witnesses a racist scene in the restaurant where she is eating. After the miscarriage, she developed an infection so severe it required a hysterectomy. Leben. When Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, Baker initially supported the move. After many days of thinking it over, Baker declined, saying her children were "too young to lose their mother. [55] In 1937, Baker married Frenchman Jean Lion. She died on April 12, 1975 in Paris, Île-de-France France at 68 years of age. Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the "Black Venus", the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess". I became famous first in France in the twenties. [80][81], Baker continued to influence celebrities more than a century after her birth. [19] She left him when her vaudeville troupe was booked into a New York City venue and divorced in 1925; it was during this time she began to see significant career success, and she continued to use his last name professionally for the rest of her life. "[40][41], In 1952 Baker was hired to crown the Queen of the Cavalcade of Jazz for the famed eighth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on 1 June. I swear in all my life I have never seen, and probably never shall see again, such a spectacular singer and performer. Baker, Jean-Claude, & Chris Chase (1995). Jean-Claude Baker, owner of the Times Square restaurant Chez Josephine, outside the restaurant in 2009 during the 105th birthday party for Doris Eaton Travis, the last surviving Ziegfeld Girl. The two could not marry because Baker was still married to her second husband, Willie Baker. When she arrived in New York with her husband Jo, they were refused reservations at 36 hotels because of racial discrimination. Baker represented one aspect of this fashion. demonstrated Baker's belief in the possibility of equality and showed children of all skin colors, nations, and religions living together in harmony. She first danced for the public on the streets of St. Louis for nickels and dimes. At this time, Baker was apart of a chorus line who performed in blackface. The bathrooms were designed in art deco style but most rooms retained the French chateau style. In 1963, she spoke at the March on Washington at the side of Rev. She married French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon in 1947, and their union also ended in divorce but lasted 14 years. The Free French had no organized entertainment network for their troops, so Baker and her entourage managed for the most part on their own. [20] Abatino was not only Baker's management, but her lover as well. She was also a spy for the Allied forces during World War II!She was the first ever American woman awarded the Croix de Guerre (a French military award for heroism), and she was also awarded the Medal of Resistance in 1946.. Finding aid to the Josephine Baker collection at Columbia University. In a 2003 interview with USA Today, Angelina Jolie cited Baker as "a model for the multiracial, multinational family she was beginning to create through adoption. Marianne Zinzen Baker Fille ainée de l’artiste, Marianne a grandi dans l’univers bucolique du château des Milandes. In 1946, France awarded her the Medal of Resistance for her WWII service, including her work as … [48] Baker attended rallies for McGee and wrote letters to Fielding Wright, the governor of Mississippi, asking him to spare McGee's life. "No, I didn't get my first break on Broadway. [14] By age 12, she had dropped out of school. by 1936 Josephine Baker was one of the highest paid performers in the world. [60] She created dramatic backstories for them, picking with clear intent in mind: at one point she wanted and planned to get a Jewish baby, but settled for a French one instead. Baker was one of 12 children adopted by biracial pop singer Josephine Baker as part of her “Rainbow Tribe.” She died in 1975 in Paris, France at age 68. Her performance in the revue Un vent de folie in 1927 caused a sensation in the city. 2. But I could not walk into a hotel in America and get a cup of coffee, and that made me mad. [85], In August 2019, Baker was one of the honorees inducted in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields. She was known for aiding the French Resistance during World War II. She pinned notes with the information she gathered inside her underwear (counting on her celebrity to avoid a strip search). After her recovery (which she continued to fall in and out of), she started touring to entertain British, French, and American soldiers in North Africa. [12] She took in laundry to wash to make ends meet, and at eight years old, Josephine began working as a live-in domestic for white families in St. [19], In 1949, a reinvented Baker returned in triumph to the Folies Bergere. [37]:232–269 As written in Jazz Age Cleopatra, "She specialized in gatherings at embassies and ministries, charming people as she had always done, but at the same time trying to remember interesting items to transmit. settled down in a sixteenth-century chateau she named Les Milandes. In her powerful speech, one of the things Baker notably said was: I have walked into the palaces of kings and queens and into the houses of presidents. I was only in the chorus in 'Shuffle Along' and 'Chocolate Dandies'. Men were prepared to die for Josephine . She was later involved for a time with the artist Robert Brady, but they never married. And when I get mad, you know that I open my big mouth. Place Joséphine Baker (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}48°50′29″N 2°19′26″E / 48.84135°N 2.32375°E / 48.84135; 2.32375 (place Joséphine Baker)) in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris was named in her honor. "[83], On 3 June 2017, the 111th anniversary of her birth, Google released an animated Google Doodle, which consists of a slideshow chronicling her life and achievements. Her insistence on mixed audiences helped to integrate live entertainment shows in Las Vegas, Nevada. [59] Her estate featured hotels, a farm, rides, and the children singing and dancing for the audience. She was in a coma after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. In her later years, Baker converted to Roman Catholicism. Baker's children have different perspectives on her as a mother. [30] At the start of her career in France, Baker had Abatino, a Sicilian former stonemason who passed himself off as a count, and who persuaded her to let him manage her. [82], Writing on the 110th anniversary of her birth, Vogue described how her 1926 "danse sauvage" in her famous banana skirt "brilliantly manipulated the white male imagination" and "radically redefined notions of race and gender through style and performance in a way that continues to echo throughout fashion and music today, from Prada to Beyoncé. Baker Children - Josephine Baker. Demand for seating was such that fold-out chairs had to be added to accommodate spectators. “The Official Site of Josephine Baker.” Accessed March 20, 2017. [3] After the war, she was awarded the Restance Medal by the French Committee of National Liberation, the Croix de guerre by the French military, and was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle. [37], In 1951, Baker made charges of racism against Sherman Billingsley's Stork Club in Manhattan, where she had been refused service. Following her divorce from Wells, she found work with a street performance group called the Jones Family Band. Letters from the first months of 1972 involve arrangements for the Janeses to host Baker's daughters Marianne and Stellina and Josephine's niece Rama Wallace for the summer. Her banana-skirt dance made Josephine Baker famous. "[33], Despite her popularity in France, Baker never attained the equivalent reputation in America. It was at the Old Chauffeur's Club where Josephine met Willie Wells, and subsequently married him at age 13; however, the marriage lasted less than a year. "[86][87][88], American-born French dancer, singer, actress, and World War Two spy for the French Resistance, For other people named Josephine Baker, see. Freda Josephine McDonald was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Written by Harris-Lawrence and to be directed by Shelton, Josephine is a raw and unflinching look at the force of nature that was Josephine Baker, the biggest Black female artist of her time. It celebrates Baker's life and works. 1907 wurde ihr Bruder Richard geboren, und der Vater verließ im gleichen Jahr die … She met the Pasha of Marrakech, whose support helped her through a miscarriage (the last of several). Especially for a black woman (of that time) who would customarily have had her baby at home with the help of a midwife? Louis. 1. [44][45] Actress Grace Kelly, who was at the club at the time, rushed over to Baker, took her by the arm and stormed out with her entire party, vowing never to return (although she returned on 3 January 1956 with Prince Rainier of Monaco). Until her death in 1975, Baker was devoted to fighting against injustice and racism throughout the world. [24][25], In a 1974 interview with The Guardian, Baker explained that she obtained her first big break in the bustling city. [44], In January 1966, Fidel Castro invited Baker to perform at the Teatro Musical de La Habana in Havana, Cuba, at the 7th-anniversary celebrations of his revolution. [58], During Baker's work with the Civil Rights Movement, she began adopting children, forming a family she often referred to as "The Rainbow Tribe." Josephine Baker (June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975) was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress who came to be known in various circles as the "Black Pearl," "Bronze Venus" and even the "Creole Goddess". [46], When Baker was near bankruptcy, Kelly offered her a villa and financial assistance (Kelly by then was princess consort of Rainier III of Monaco). Of course, everyone who was anyone knew Bricky. 's Rainbow Honor Walk", "Alexander Calder. Advancing years and exhaustion began to take their toll; she sometimes had trouble remembering lyrics, and her speeches between songs tended to ramble. She was discharged on June 17, her baby, Freda J. McDonald having been born two weeks earlier. [6][8][9] Her mother, Carrie, was adopted in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1886 by Richard and Elvira McDonald, both of whom were former slaves of African and Native American descent. She was presented with life membership with the NAACP by Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Ralph Bunche. Baker was a celebrated artist, especially in Europe, and an activist to whom Coretta Scott King offered the unofficial leadership in the movement that was taking place in the U.S. following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Photo by Rudolf Suroch of Josephine Baker. In 1973 she performed at Carnegie Hall to a standing ovation. She included Pirot kilim into her routine, as a nod to the local culture, and she donated some of the show's proceeds to poor children of Serbia. Josephine Baker, American-born French dancer and singer who symbolized the beauty and vitality of Black American culture, which took Paris by storm in the 1920s. [6], Baker performed the "Danse Sauvage" wearing a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.[6][7]. Baker was billed at the time as "the highest-paid chorus girl in vaudeville. She adopted two girls, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina. "[51], Her first marriage was to American Pullman porter Willie Wells when she was only 13 years old. She carried information for transmission to England, about airfields, harbors, and German troop concentrations in the West of France. It was almost a decade before U.S. officials allowed her back into the country. [78] Two of Baker's sons, Jean-Claude and Jarry (Jari), grew up to go into business together, running the restaurant Chez Josephine on Theatre Row, 42nd Street, New York City. (September 1994):543-570 [65], Baker was back on stage at the Olympia in Paris in 1968, in Belgrade and at Carnegie Hall in 1973, and at the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium and at the Gala du Cirque in Paris in 1974. After a successful tour of Europe, she broke her contract and returned to France in 1926 to star at the Folies Bergère, setting the standard for her future acts. [6], Josephine spent her early life at 212 Targee Street (known by some St. Louis residents as Johnson Street) in the Mill Creek Valley neighborhood of St. Louis, a racially mixed low-income neighborhood near Union Station, consisting mainly of rooming houses, brothels, and apartments without indoor plumbing. And much more. Why six weeks in the hospital? Josephine was, amongst other things: a theatrical genius, a talented musician and extraordinary dancer, a humanitarian and civil rights … [36] They were married in the French town of Crèvecœur-le-Grand, in a wedding presided over by the mayor, Jammy Schmidt. [4] Baker once said: "I have two loves, my country and Paris. Noël, Israeli-born Moïse, Algerian-born Brahim, Ivorian-born Koffi, and Venezuelan-born Mara. And then look out, 'cause when Josephine opens her mouth, they hear it all over the world ...[52][53], After King's assassination, his widow Coretta Scott King approached Baker in the Netherlands to ask if she would take her husband's place as leader of the Civil Rights Movement. She has also been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame,[73] and on 29 March 1995, into the Hall of Famous Missourians. It also displays many family photographs and documents as well as her Legion of Honour medal. [54] In 1925, she began an extramarital relationship with the Belgian novelist Georges Simenon. She attended parties and gathered information at the Italian embassy without raising suspicion. Winchell responded swiftly with a series of harsh public rebukes, including accusations of Communist sympathies (a serious charge at the time). [37], Although based in France, Baker supported the Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s. [6], After a while, Baker was the most successful American entertainer working in France. One member of the Tribe, Jean-Claude Baker, said: "She wanted a doll."[61]. McGee was a Black man in Mississippi convicted of raping a white woman in 1945 on the basis of dubious evidence, and sentenced to death. Josephine Baker wurde als uneheliche Tochter der Waschfrau Carrie McDonald und des jüdischen Schlagzeugers Eddie Carson in St. Louis, Missouri, geboren. She was a largely behind-the-scenes organizer whose career spanned more than five decades. Baker wanted to prove that "children of different ethnicities and religions could still be brothers." Civil rights and the Black Venus. In 2015 she was inducted into the Legacy Walk in Chicago, Illinois. [79], Château des Milandes, a castle near Sarlat in the Dordogne, was Baker's home where she raised her twelve children. It is open to the public and displays her stage outfits including her banana skirt (of which there are apparently several). Baker collected what information she could about German troop locations from officials she met at parties. [2] She raised her children in France. [54] Josephine Baker was bisexual. "[30], Later in 1941, she and her entourage went to the French colonies in North Africa. Du Bois, Thurgood … A character based on Baker (topless, wearing the famous "banana skirt") appears in the opening sequence of the 2003 animated film, Her influence upon and assistance with the careers of husband and wife dancers, Baker was heavily featured in the 2012 book, In February 2017, Tiffany Daniels portrayed Baker in the. Her star turn in a 1936 revival of Ziegfeld Follies on Broadway generated less than impressive box office numbers, and later in the run, she was replaced by Gypsy Rose Lee. [84], On Thursday 22 November 2018, a documentary titled Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening, directed by Ilana Navaro, premiered at the Beirut Art Film Festival. Her career could not support the large family she created so Baker and her children moved to Monaco. I just couldn't stand America and I was one of the first colored Americans to move to Paris. 1950. She adopted two girls, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina. )[47]), Baker worked with the NAACP. They allowed no civilians and charged no admission. [29], In 1929, Baker became the first African-American star to visit Yugoslavia, while on tour in Central Europe via the Orient Express. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, MO, in 1906 to Carrie McDonald, a laundress, and Eddie Carson, a musician. British singer-songwriter, Al Stewart wrote song about Josephine Baker. Caravantes, Peggy. She was taken to Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, where she died, aged 68, on 12 April 1975. "[37], She refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States, although she was offered $10,000 by a Miami club. In 1951 Baker was invited back to the United States for a nightclub engagement in Miami. Many years have passed since the death of Josephine Baker, and the charismatic Broadway chorus-girl turned Parisian music-hall legend, actress, comedian and French fashion icon is still widely remembered for her many achievements. (However, during his work on the Stork Club book, author and New York Times reporter Ralph Blumenthal was contacted by Jean-Claude Baker, one of Baker's sons. [34] She returned to Europe heartbroken. When her children became teenagers, many of them began to resent Baker. Bolstered by recognition of her wartime heroics, Baker the performer assumed a new gravitas, unafraid to take on serious music or subject matter.
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